Agents with Affective Traits for Decision-Making in Complex Environments

Recent events have probably lead us to wonder why people make decisions that seem to be irrational, and that go against any easily understandable logic. The fact that these decisions are emotionally driven often explains what, at first glance, does not have a plausible explanation. Evidence has been found that proves that emotions and other affective characteristics guide decisions beyond a purely rational deliberation. Understanding the way emotions take place, the way emotions change, and/or the way emotions influence behavior, has traditionally been a concern of several fields including psychology and neurology. Moreover, other sciences such as behavioral economics, artificial intelligence, and in general, all sciences that aim to understand, explain, or simulate human behavior, acknowledge the important role of affective characteristics in this task. Specifically, artificial intelligence uses psychological findings in order to create agents that simulate human behavior. Nevertheless, individual research efforts in modeling affective characteristics are often overlapped, short of integration, and they lack of a common conceptual system. This deprives individual researches of the exchange and cooperation's inherent benefits, and makes the task of computationally simulating affective characteristics more difficult. Although much individual effort has been put in classifying, formalizing and modeling emotions and emotion theories on some fields, recognized researchers of emotions' and affective processes' modeling report that a common formal language, an informal conceptual system, and a general purpose affective agent architecture will greatly improve the interdisciplinary exchange and the intradisciplinary coordination. The research literature proposes a wide amount of affective models that deal with some of: relationship between emotions and cognition, relationship between emotions and behavior, emotions and their evolutionary account, emotions for appraising situations, emotion regulation, etc. These models are useful tools for addressing particular emotion-related issues. Furthermore, computational approaches that are based on particular psychological theories have also been proposed. They often address domain specific issues starting from a specific psychological theory. In such solutions, the absence of a common conceptual system and/or platform, makes difficult the feedback between psychological theories and computational approaches. This thesis systematizes and formalizes affect-related theories, what can benefit the interdisciplinary exchange, the intradisciplinary coordination, and hence, allows the improvement of involved disciplines. Specifically this thesis makes the following contributions: (1) a theoretical framework that includes the main processes and concepts that a model of an affective agent with practical reasoning should have; (2) a general-purpose affective agent architecture that shares the concepts of the proposed theoretical framework; (3) an implementation-independent formal language for designing affective agents that have the proposed architecture; and (4) a specific agent language for implementing affective agents which is an extension of a BDI language. Some studies with human participants have helped to validate the contributions of this thesis. They include classical games of game theory, and an study with 300 participants, which have provided the necessary information to evaluate the contributions. The validation has been performed in three directions: determine whether the proposed computational approach represents better the human behavior than traditional computational approaches; determine whether this approach allows to improve psychological theories used by default; and determine whether the proposed affective agents' behavior is closer to human behavior than the behavior of a purely rational agent.Probablemente algunos eventos recientes nos han conducido a preguntarnos por qué las personas toman decisiones aparentemente irracionales y en contra de alguna lógica fácilmente comprensible. El hecho de que estas decisiones estén bajo la influencia de las emociones a menudo explica lo que, a primera vista, parece no tener una explicación aceptable. En este sentido, se han encontrado evidencias que prueban que las emociones y otras características afectivas condicionan las decisiones más allá de una deliberación meramente racional. Entender cómo las emociones tienen lugar, cómo cambian y cómo influyen en el comportamiento, ha sido tradicionalmente de interés para muchos campos de investigación, incluyendo la psicología y la neurología. Además, otras ciencias como la economía conductual o la inteligencia artificial reconocen el importante papel de las características afectivas en esta tarea. Específicamente, la inteligencia artificial utiliza los resultados obtenidos en psicología para crear agentes que simulan el comportamiento humano. Sin embargo, a menudo los esfuerzos individuales de investigación en el modelado del afecto se solapan, carecen de la suficiente integración y de un sistema conceptual común. Esto limita a las investigaciones individuales para disponer de los beneficios que ofrecen el intercambio y la cooperación, y hace más compleja la tarea de simular los procesos afectivos. Las emociones y teorías relacionadas han sido clasificadas, formalizadas y modeladas. No obstante, reconocidos investigadores argumentan que un lenguaje formal común, un sistema conceptual informal y una arquitectura de agentes de propósito general, mejorarán significativamente el intercambio interdisciplinar y la coordinación intradisciplinar. En la literatura se propone una amplia cantidad de modelos afectivos que modelan: la relación entre las emociones y la cognición, la relación entre las emociones y el comportamiento, las emociones para evaluar las situaciones, la regulación de emociones, etc. Estos modelos son herramientas útiles para abordar aspectos particulares relacionados con las emociones. Además, se han realizado propuestas computacionales que abordan aspectos específicos sobre la base de teorías psicológicas específicas. En éstas soluciones, la ausencia de una plataforma y/o sistema conceptual dificulta la retroalimentación entre las teorías psicológicas y las propuestas computacionales. Esta tesis sistematiza y formaliza teorías relacionadas con el afecto, lo cual beneficia el intercambio interdisciplinar y la coordinación intradisciplinar, y por tanto, permite el desarrollo de las disciplinas correspondientes. Específicamente esta tesis realiza las siguientes contribuciones: (1) una plataforma teórica que incluye los conceptos y procesos principales que debería poseer un modelo de agentes afectivos con razonamiento práctico; (2) una arquitectura de agentes de propósito general que comparte los conceptos de la plataforma teórica propuesta; (3) un lenguaje formal independiente de la implementación, para diseñar agentes afectivos que poseen la arquitectura propuesta; y (4) un lenguaje de agentes específico para implementar agentes afectivos el cual es un extensión de un lenguaje BDI. Algunos estudios con participantes humanos han ayudado a validar las contribuciones de esta tesis. Estos incluyen juegos clásicos de teoría de juegos y un estudio con 300 participantes, los cuales han proporcionado la información necesaria para evaluar las contribuciones. La validación se ha realizado en tres direcciones: determinar si la propuesta computacional que se ha realizado representa mejor el comportamiento humano que propuestas computacionales tradicionales; determinar si esta propuesta permite mejorar las teorías psicológicas empleadas por defecto; y determinar si el comportamiento de los agentes afectivos propuestos se acerca más al comportamiento humano que el comporProbablement alguns esdeveniments recents ens han conduït a preguntar-nos per què les persones prenen decisions que aparentment són irracionals i que van en contra d'algun tipus de lògica fàcilment comprensible. El fet que aquestes decisions estiguin sota la influència de les emocions sovint explica el que, a primera vista, sembla no tenir una explicació acceptable. En aquest sentit, s'han trobat evidències que proven que les emocions i altres característiques afectives condicionen les decisions més enllà d'una deliberació merament racional. Entendre com les emocions tenen lloc, com canvien i com influeixen en el comportament, ha estat tradicionalment d'interès per a molts camps d'investigació, incloent la psicologia i la neurologia. A més, altres ciències com l'economia conductual, la intel·ligència artificial i, en general, totes les ciències que intenten entendre, explicar o simular el comportament humà, reconeixen l'important paper de les característiques afectives en aquesta tasca. Específicament, la intel·ligència artificial utilitza els resultats obtinguts en psicologia per crear agents que simulen el comportament humà. No obstant això, sovint els esforços individuals d'investigació en el modelatge de l'afecte es solapen, no tenen la suficient integració ni compten amb un sistema conceptual comú. Això limita a les investigacions individuals, que no poden disposar dels beneficis que ofereixen l'intercanvi i la cooperació, i fa més complexa la tasca de simular els processos afectius. Les emocions i teories relacionades han estat classificades, formalitzades i modelades. No obstant això reconeguts investigadors argumenten que un llenguatge formal comú, un sistema conceptual informal i una arquitectura d'agents de propòsit general, milloraran significativament l'intercanvi interdisciplinar i la coordinació intradisciplinar. En la literatura es proposa una àmplia quantitat de models afectius que modelen: la relació entre les emocions i la cognició, la relació entre les emocions i el comportament, les emocions per avaluar les situacions, la regulació d'emocions, etc. Aquests models són eines útils per abordar aspectes particulars relacionats amb les emocions. A més, s'han realitzat propostes computacionals que aborden aspectes específics sobre la base de teories psicològiques específiques. En aquestes solucions, l'absència d'una plataforma i/o sistema conceptual dificulta la retroalimentació entre les teories psicològiques i les propostes computacionals. Aquesta tesi sistematitza i formalitza teories relacionades amb l'afecte, la qual cosa beneficia l'intercanvi interdisciplinar i la coordinació intradisciplinar, i per tant, permet el desenvolupament de les disciplines corresponents. Específicament aquesta tesi realitza les següents contribucions: (1) una plataforma teòrica que inclou els conceptes i processos principals que hauria de posseir un model d'agents afectius amb raonament pràctic; (2) una arquitectura d'agents de propòsit general que comparteix els conceptes de la plataforma teòrica proposta; (3) un llenguatge formal independent de la implementació, per dissenyar agents afectius que posseeixen l'arquitectura proposada; i (4) un llenguatge d'agents específic per implementar agents afectius el qual és un extensió d'un llenguatge BDI. Alguns estudis amb participants humans han ajudat a validar les contribucions d'aquesta tesi. Aquests inclouen jocs clàssics de teoria de jocs i un estudi amb 300 participants, els quals han proporcionat la informació necessària per avaluar les contribucions. La validació s'ha realitzat en tres direccions: determinar si la proposta computacional que s'ha realitzat representa millor el comportament humà que propostes computacionals tradicionals; determinar si aquesta proposta permet millorar les teories psicològiques emprades per defecte; i determinar si el comportament dels agents afectius proposats s'acosta més alAlfonso Espinosa, B. (2017). Agents with Affective Traits for Decision-Making in Complex Environments [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90497TESI

Designing an Affective Intelligent Agent on GenIA³

GenIA³ is a General-purpose Intelligent Affective Agent Architecture, which can be committed with specific psychological theories to create the design of the final agent. Intelligent affective agents can be implemented by using the default design of GenIA³. Also GenIA³ helps experts on fields like psychology or behavioral computing, to provide more precise and refined ways of describing each particular affective process, facilitating the abstraction from irrelevant implementation or design details, and offering a default design for the main processes. Nevertheless an extensive set of domains need to be tested in order to properly validate and refine GenIA³. In this work we describe the default design of GenIA³, and we propose an alternative design which is based on a model of emotions previously proposed. This illustrates the flexibility of GenIA³ and may inspire other alternative designs.Alfonso Espinosa, B. (2017). Designing an Affective Intelligent Agent on GenIA³. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/7849

Agentes BDI bajo interacciones reguladas: un enfoque basado en flujos de trabajo

[ES] Un agente en un entorno multi-agente necesita comunicarse con otros para lograr sus objetivos. Los protocolos de interacción regulan estas interacciones estableciendo precedencias y restricciones en la secuencia de mensajes a intercambiar. Por otra parte, la naturaleza inteligente, proactiva y autónoma de los agentes es fácilmente representada a través de lenguajes de programación de alto nivel como AgentSpeak(L). En este trabajo se ofrece un mecanismo para que agentes programados en Jason, el cual es una extensión de AgentSpeak(L) y se basa en el modelo BDI de agentes, puedan hacer uso de protocolos de interacción según los estándares de FIPA. Un gestor de conversaciones estará a cargo de la creación y control de estas conversaciones en la plataforma, de manera que se abstrae al programador de aspectos como errores de sincronización, tiempos de espera etc. Además se extiende esta propuesta, con una herramienta de modelado que permite especificar los agentes en un sistema en términos de sus interacciones y las relaciones entre ellas, considerándose para ello los roles, estados de los agentes o condiciones que deban cumplirse durante la ejecución de sus acciones.[EN] In a multi-agent environment, an agent needs to communicate with others to achieve its goals. The interaction protocols regulate those interactions by establishing precedences and restrictions on the sequence of messages to be exchanged. On the other hand, the smart, proactive and autonomous nature of agents can be easily represented through high level programming languages such as AgentSpeak(L). This approach offers a mechanism in order to allow agents programmed in Jason, which is an extension of AgentSpeak (L) and is based on the BDI model of agents, to use the interaction protocols according to FIPA standards. A conversation manager will be responsible of the creation and control of these conversations on the platform, so that it prevents the developer from issues such as synchronization errors, timeouts and so on. Besides, this proposal is extended with a modeling tool that allows specifying the agents in a system in terms of their interactions and relationships between them, taking in to account the roles, the agent's states or conditions to be met during the execution of their actions.Alfonso Espinosa, B. (2012). Agentes BDI bajo interacciones reguladas: un enfoque basado en flujos de trabajo. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1796

Towards Formal Modeling of Affective Agents in a BDI Architecture

[EN] Affective characteristics are crucial factors that influence human behavior, and often the prevalence of either emotions or reason varies on each individual. We aim to facilitate the development of agents reasoning considering their affective characteristics. We first identify core processes in an affective BDI agent, and we integrate them into an affective agent architecture (GenIA3). These tasks include the extension of the BDI agent reasoning cycle to be compliant with the architecture, and the extension of the agent language (Jason) to support affect-based reasoning, and the adjustment of the equilibrium between the agent s affective and rational sides.This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana grant PROMETEOII/2013/019, and the Spanish TIN2014-55206-R project of the Ministerio de Economa y Competitividad.Alfonso Espinosa, B.; Vivancos, E.; Botti, V. (2017). Towards Formal Modeling of Affective Agents in a BDI Architecture. 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A MAS-based infrastructure for negotiation and its application to a water-right market

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10796-013-9443-8This paper presents a MAS-based infrastructure for the specification of a negotiation framework that handles multiple negotiation protocols in a coherent and flexible way. Although it may be used to implement one single type of agreement mechanism, it has been designed in such a way that multiple mechanisms may be available at any given time, to be activated and tailored on demand (on-line) by participating agents. The framework is also generic enough so that new protocols may be easily added. 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Toward a Systematic Development of Affective Intelligent Agents

The representation of the knowledge that is used for the specification of affective processes in agents, is almost as diverse as number of approaches that have addressed this issue. This diversity is due, to a large extent, to the need of systematic guidelines and standards that support computer scientists on the creation of affective models and architectures. Our aim is to perform a further step towards the standardization of this process, in order to improve the creation and enhancement of affective agent languages, architectures, and models. We offer a method to build affective BDI (Beliefs, Desires, and Intentions) agents, adapted to the problem to solve, and specifically, adapted to the way affect influences the agent behavior. To this end we offer GenIA³ , a General-purpose Intelligent Affective Agent Architecture, which can be committed with specific psychological theories to create the architecture of the final agent. We also offer general guidelines that allow to define the processes performed in the agent architecture. These guidelines allow to select and adapt a BDI agent platform in order to include the processes of the proposed agent architecture and adapt a BDI agent language to include the representation of the required affect-related attributes.Alfonso Espinosa, B.; Vivancos Rubio, E.; Botti Navarro, VJ. (2016). Toward a Systematic Development of Affective Intelligent Agents. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/6243

Extending a BDI agents' architecture with open emotional components

Recently an increasing amount of research focuses on improving agents believability by adding affective features to its traditional modeling. This is probably due to the demands of reaching ever more realistic behaviors on agents simulations which extends to several and diverse applications fields. The present work proposes O3A: an Open Affective Agent Architecture, which extends a traditional BDI agent architecture improving a practical reasoning with more “human” characteristics. This architecture tries to address disperse definitions combining the main elements of supporting psychological and neurological theories.Alfonso Espinosa, B.; Vivancos Rubio, E.; Botti Navarro, VJ. (2014). Extending a BDI agents' architecture with open emotional components. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3912

mWater prototype #3 review

mWater is a software demonstrator developed in the Agreement Technologies Project. It is a Multi-Agent System (MAS) application that implements a market for water rights, including the model and simulation of the water-right market itself, the basin, users, protocols, norms and grievance situations. mWater is motivated due to the fact that water scarcity is becoming a major concern in most countries, not only because it threatens the economic viability of current agricultural practices, but because it is likely to alter an already precarious balance among its different types of use.Garrido Tejero, A.; Botti Navarro, VJ.; Giret Boggino, AS.; Alfonso Espinosa, B.; Noriega, P. (2013). mWater prototype #3 review. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3181

Consideraciones relacionadas con las inspecciones de software

  Las consideraciones que en el presente trabajo se reflejan están enfocadas a enfatizar la importancia y necesidad de la aplicación de técnicas de verificación como las inspecciones de software, en la industria de software. Especialmente si de pequeñas y medianas empresas se trata pues en ellas recae la responsabilidad de lograr una industria de software de excelencia y con la calidad requerida en países en vías de desarrollo. Se analizan además, una serie de autores y las investigaciones que han realizado relativas a la concepción del proceso de inspección de software y los recursos y personal que deben tenerse en cuenta para ello

CONSIDERACIONES RELACIONADAS CON LAS INSPECCIONES DE SOFTWARE

<span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Times_New_Roman_Negrita_Cursiv;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: Times_New_Roman_Negrita_Cursiv;"><p align="justify"> </p></span></span><p align="justify"><p align="justify"> </p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Times_New_Roman083.313;">Las consideraciones que en el presente trabajo se reflejan están enfocadas a enfatizar la importancia y necesidad de la aplicación de técnicas de verificación como las inspecciones de software, en la industria de software. Especialmente si de pequeñas y medianas empresas se trata pues en ellas recae la responsabilidad de lograr una industria de software de excelencia y con la calidad requerida en países en vías de desarrollo. Se analizan además, una serie de autores y las investigaciones que han realizado relativas a la concepción del proceso de inspección de software y los recursos y personal que deben tenerse en cuenta para ello.</span></p&gt